Challenges Facing Modern Management
...ion for the purpose of achieving the goals and objectives of the organization”. On the other hand, Allen defines an organization as” the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed. Defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in establishing of objectives. The essence of these definitions is that people who work together require a defined system or structure through which they relate to each other and through which their efforts can be co ordinated. Every organization has goals or objectives for its existence. In the case of personnel management, it is to optimize the effectiveness of "human resources”. These goals can be achieved more suitably if the behaviour of the workers and the composition of the organization can be integrated and predicted co operatively. The formal organization structure attempts to give order and unity to the actions and efforts of those who work together. ORGANIZATION PROCESS The organisation process is the forming of structural inters personal relationship. This process involves eight steps, viz. 1. Determination of organisational goals or objectives to be strived for; 2. Determination of the task requirements (i.e., the amount of skills, effort and knowledge) necessary to achieve the goals; 3. Division of tasks into different job to find out how many personnel will be needed for the complete tasks; 4. Interaction of jobs into departments or other work groups to take advantage of the specialization and efficiency; 5. Selection of personnel to fill jobs; 6. Assignment of work positions to the individuals; 7. Granting the authority to the people to carry out the duties of their jobs; and 8. Determination of superior subordinate relationships for facilitating the performance evaluation. An’organisation’ is an mechanism with which a management directs. Coordinates and controls the activities of man. It is distinct form and administration’ as Sheldon has said,” an organisation is the formation of an effective machine, the management of an effective executive and the administration of an effective direction. Administration determines the goals; the management strives towards it. Administration determines the organisation; the management uses it. An organisation is a machine of Management in its achievement of the ends determined by its administration. FUNCTIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION An organization tries to establish an effective behavioural relationship among selected employees and in selected work places in order that a group may work together effectively. There are three kinds of work, which must be performed whenever an organization comes into being, viz. Division of labour, Combination of labour and co ordination, i.e., the work, the people and the relationship between them. These are known as the fundamentals in every successful organization. These are now briefly dealt with: 1. Division of Labour: Since an organization is a structure of human association for the achievement of common goals, it involves individuals and groups of individuals. When two or more individu...