ap history
...ITY - THE INVENTION OF REFRIGERATED RAILROAD CARS IN THE 1870s AND THE CREATION OF THE CHICAGO STOCKYARDS LET TO DRESSED BEER BEING SHIPPED ALL OVER THE COUNTRY - THE CATTLE DRIVES DID NOT LAST LONG -- PRICES WENT DOWN AS THE RANGE BECAME OVERSTOCKED IN THE 1880s -- RECORD COLD AND BLIZZARDS IN THE WINTER OF 1884-85 AND AGAIN IN 1886-87 CAUSED HUNDREDS OF THOUSAND OF CATTLE WHO HAD TO FEED OFF THE RANGE TO FREEZE OR STARVE TO DEATH - RANCHERS THEN ABANDONED OPEN-RANGE GRAZING AS THEY TURNED TO SMALLER HERDS AND GROWING HAY AND OTHER FOODS FOR THEIR CATTLE DECLINE OF THE INDIAN FRONTIER - IN THE 1830s INDIANS HAD BEEN MOVED EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO SEPARATE THEM FROM WHITES - BY THE 1840 WHITES HAD PENETRATED THESE INDIAN LANDS AS WHITES FOLLOWED THE OVERLAND TRAILS TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON - IN THE 1850s WHEN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ORGANIZED AS TERRITORIES AND RECEIVED WHITE SETTLERS, THE GOVERNMENT FORCED A DOZEN TRIBES TO CEDE 15 MILLION ACRES LEAVING THEM ON RESERVATIONS TOTALING LESS THAN 1.5 MILLION ACRES - ON LONGER COULD INDIANS BE PUSHED WEST; THEY HAD TO BE CONCENTRATED ON RESERVATIONS - THE PLAINS INDIANS IN THE WEST WERE NOMADIC; THEY FOLLOWED THE BUFFALO WHICH THEY DEPENDED ON FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER, ETC. - THE PLAINS INDIANS FEEL PRESSURE WHEN THE EASTERN INDIANS ARE RELOCATED WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI - THE PLAINS INDIANS FEEL PRESSURE FROM RAILROADS, WHITE SETTLERS/FARMERS, RANCHERS, BARB WIRE FENCES - THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES (RELOCATED TO INDIAN TERRITORY FROM THE EAST) ALLIED WITH THE CONFEDERACY DURING THE CIVIL WAR -- AFTER THE WAR, INDIAN TERRITORY WAS RECONSTRUCTED: THE INDIANS HAD TO FREE THEIR SLAVES AND MAKE THEM TRIBAL CITIZENS; TRIBAL LANDS WERE REDUCED BY HALF; DISPOSSESSED INDIANS FROM OTHER AREA WERE THEN SETTLED ON THE LAND TAKEN FROM THE CIVILIZED TRIBES - THE NORTHERN SIOUX HAD BEEN HERDED ONTO RESERVATIONS ALONG THE MINNESOTA RIVER BY TREATY IN 1851. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE CIVIL WAR DELAYED ANNUITY PAYMENTS TO THE SIOUX IN 1862 THREATENING THEM WITH STARVATION -- THE SIOUX WENT ON THE WARPATH IN AUGUST 1862 MURDERING OVER 500 WHITE -- MILITIA AND ARMY UNITS FOUGHT BACK -- 303 INDIANS WERE TRIED AND SENTENCED TO DEATH; LINCOLN REDUCED THE EXECUTIONS TO 38 -- THE REMAINING SIOUX WERE PUT ON RESERVATIONS IN THE DAKOTA TERRITORY - OTHER SIOUX TRIBES FARTHER WEST FOUGHT THE ARMY OFF AND ON FROM 1864 TO THE MID 1870s -- IN THE EARLY 1870s, GENERAL CUSTER MADE AND EXPEDITION INTO THE DAKOTAS AND DISCOVERED GOLD -- GOLDSEEKERS POURED ON TO THE DAKOTA RESERVATIONS IN THE BLACK HILLS, A SACRED PLACE TO THE SIOUX -- AT THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN IN MONTANA TERRITORY SIOUX LED BY SITTING BULL AND CRAZY HORSE, ALONG WITH SOME CHEYENNE INDIANS WIPED OUT GENERAL CUSTER AND 225 SOLDIERS; IN RETALIATION, GENERAL SHERIDAN CARRIED OUT A WINTER CAMPAIGN WHICH CRUSHED THE SIOUX AND CHEYENNE -- THE SIOUX WERE CONFINED ON RESERVATIONS IN THE DAKOTA TERRITORY - IN THE 1890s POVERTY, DISEASE, APATHY, AND ALCOHOLISM HAD REDUCED THE ONCE PROUD SIOUX TO DESPERATION. THE SIOUX BEGAN PRACTICING THE “GHOSE DANCE” WHICH EXPRESSED THE BELIEF THAT THE INDIAN’S GOD WOULD DESTROY THE WHITES AND RETURN INDIAN LAND AND RESTORE THE BUFFALO -- THE GHOST DANCE PROVOKED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO SEND SOLDIERS TO THE SIOUX RESERVATION -- A CONFRONTATION AT WOUNDED KNEE IN THE DAKOTAS LEFT 25 SOLDIERS AND AT LEAST 150 SIOUX DEAD. THE BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE SYMBOLIZES THE DEATH OF 19TH CENTURY PLAINS INDIAN CULTURE - SIMILAR EVENTS OCCURRED IN COLORADO -- GOLD DISCOVERED AT PIKE’S PEAK IN 1858 CAUSED A RUSH OF WHITES TO COLORADO -- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PERSUADED CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO CHIEFS TO SIGN A TREATY GIVING UP ALL CLAIMS TO LAND IN THE REGION (WHICH HAD BEEN GUARANTEED BY AN 1851 TREATY) IN EXCHANGE FOR A RESERVATION AT SAND CREEK -- IN 1864, HUNGER AND RESENTMENT PROMPTED MANY BRAVES TO RETURN TO ...