Illitracy in Pakistan
...originate from issues of governess and the structure of institutions or be economic or social in nature. In most cases, however, poverty is likely to be the result of several mutually reinforcing factors that together define its scope and pervasiveness. The prime cause of poverty in Pakistan can be outlined as under A. POOR GOVERNANCE 1. Government and Political Instability 2. Non Transparency in Resource Allocation 3. Weak Public Sector Capacity 4. Inadequate Access to Justice B. ECONOIC DETERMINANTS 1. Fiscal Policies 2. Subsidies 3. Non-employment 4. Inflation 5. Remittances C. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS 1. Land Tenure Systems 2. The Structure of Society 3. Low Level of Human Development 4. Ethnic and Sectarian Conflicts The sanctions imposed after the nuclear tests in South Asia three years ago were even-handed - exactly the same measures were taken against India and Pakistan. But the impact of the sanctions has been far greater on Pakistan than it has been on India. The most damaging of the sanctions was a ban on American support for Pakistan in multilateral financial institutions, which blocked loans and debt relief for Pakistan and hampered plans for a poverty reduction program. The term “child” and “child labor” has different legal and common usage meanings in different countries and even within the same country. The International Labor Organization's Minimum Age Convention sets a basic minimum age for employment of 15 years while allowing light work at 13 and prohibiting hazardous work until 18. But only 49 countries have ratified the Convention and none of these are countries considered to have the highest incidence of hazardous child labor. Pakistan has not ratified this Convention.” Child labor” is, generally speaking, works for children that harm them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally, or by blocking access to education).but: There is no universally accepted Definition of "child labor". According to the National Survey of Child Labor conducted in 1996 by the Federal Bureau of Statistics with the collaboration of ILO, the total number of children in Pakistan in the age groups of 5-14 was 40 million. The total number of economically active children was found to be 3.3 million (or 8.3% of the total children) in the country. Majority of the child workers (73%) were found to be boys, while 27% were girls. Majority of the child workers (58.6% or 1.94 million) were found in Punjab. The survey also found that, children's involvement in work in the rural areas is about 8 times greater than in the urban areas. One third of the working children are literate, boys being more educated than girls and urban children more than the rural children. Employment status by broad categories indicates that about 70% of the working children are unpaid family helpers. Significant urban-rural differentials are observed in their employment status. In rural areas, three fourth of the working children are working as unpaid family members, while in the urban areas it is one third. About 46% of the working children work more than 35 hours per week and a good proportion work 56 hours or more. According to most of the parents surveyed, children work in order to assist in the household enterprises. Corruption can be defined as Improper and usually unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another. Its forms include bribery, extortion, and the misuse of inside information. It exists where there is community indifference or a lack of enforcement policies. Pakistan economy is also affected from corruption and it is one of the basic reasons of economic downfall in Pakistan. Though corruption is widespread in Pakistan, Corruption in education, police and Judiciary sectors is much higher than in any othe...