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S. presidential election of 1824, no candidate was able to secure the required number of the electoral votes, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which (to the surprise of many) elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams; Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Supporters of Jackson (who won a plurality of the popular as well as the greatest number of electoral votes) denounced this as a "corrupt bargain". [1] It has also been speculated[who? ] that Clay made a similar offer to Jackson, approaching Adams only after Jackson refused. Jackson referred to Clay as "The Judas of the West," and remarked that his end would be the same. [citation needed] More recently, analysis by means of game theory mathematics has proposed that, contrary to the assertions of Jackson, his supporters, and countless historians since, the results of the election were consistent with "sincere voting"—that is, those who were unable to vote for their most-favored candidate apparently voted for their second- (or third-) most-favored candidate. [2] This suggests that the result was not a consequence of any "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay, but was instead a natural consequence of an electoral field that was fundamentally divided between those who supported Jackson and those who would support anyone other than Jackson. The latter united behind Adams—who was the natural alternative to Jackson, since third place candidate William H.