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active volume The volume from which the computer starts up. The active volume must be a simple volume on a dynamic disk. You cannot mark an existing dynamic volume as the active volume, but you can upgrade a basic disk containing the active partition to a dynamic disk. Once the disk is upgraded to dynamic, the partition becomes a simple volume that is active. See also: active partition; basic disk; dynamic disk; dynamic volume; simple volume ActiveX A set of technologies that allows software components to interact with one another in a networked environment, regardless of the language in which the components were created. address (A) resource record A resource record used to map a DNS domain name to a host IP address on the network. See also: domain name; Domain Name System (DNS); resource record (RR) address classes Predefined groupings of Internet addresses with each class defining networks of a certain size. The range of numbers that can be assigned for the first octet in the IP address is based on the address class. Class A networks (values 1 to 126) are the largest, with more than 16 million hosts per network. Class B networks (128 to 191) have up to 65,534 hosts per network, and Class C networks (192 to 223) can have up to 254 hosts per network. See also: Class A IP address; Class B IP address; Class C IP address Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) In TCP/IP, a protocol that uses broadcast traffic on the local network to resolve a logically assigned IP address to its physical hardware or media access control layer address. In ATM, ARP is used two different ways. For classical IP over ATM, ARP is used to resolve addresses to ATM hardware addresses. For ATM LAN emulation, ARP is used to resolve Ethernet/802.3 or Token Ring addresses to ATM hardware addresses. See also: Internet Protocol (IP); Message Authentication Code (MAC); packet; Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) administration queue For Message Queuing, a queue that stores acknowledgment messages. See also: acknowledgment message; Message Queuing administrative alerts Alerts that relate to server and resource use. They notify users about problems in areas such as security and access, user sessions, server shutdown due to power loss (when an uninterruptible power supply is available), directory replication, and printing. When a computer generates an administrative alert, a message is sent to a predefined list of users and computers. See also: Alerter service administrator For Windows XP Professional, a person responsible for setting up and managing domain controllers or local computers and their user and group accounts, assigning passwords and permissions, and helping users with networking problems. Administrators are members of the Administrators group and have full control over the domain or computer. For Windows XP Home Edition, a person who can make system-wide changes to the computer, install software, and who has access to all files on the computer. A person with a computer administrator account has full access to other user accounts on the computer. Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) An open industry specification that defines power management on a wide range of mobile, desktop, and server computers and peripherals. ACPI is the foundation for the OnNow industry initiative that allows system manufacturers to deliver computers that will start at the touch of a keyboard. ACPI design is essential to take full advantage of power management and Plug and Play. See also: Plug and Play affinity For Network Load Balancing, the method used to associate client requests to cluster hosts. When no affinity is specified, all network requests are load balanced across the cluster without respect to their source. Affinity is implemented by directing all client requests from the same IP address to the same cluster host. See also: IP address; client request agent An application that runs on a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) managed device. The agent application is the object of management activities. A computer running SNMP agent software is also sometimes referred to as an agent. See also: service; Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Alerter service A service used by the server and other services to notify selected users and computers of administrative alerts that occur on a computer. The Alerter service requires the Messenger service. See also: administrative alerts; Messenger service; service allocation unit The smallest amount of disk space that can be allocated to hold a file. All file systems used by Windows organize hard disks based on allocation units. The smaller the allocation unit size, the more efficiently a disk stores information. If you do not specify an allocation unit size when formatting the disk, Windows picks default sizes based on the size of the volume. These default sizes are selected to reduce the amount of space that is lost and the amount of fragmentation on the volume. An allocation unit is also called a cluster. See also: file system; volume American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) A standard single-byte character encoding scheme used for text-based data. ASCII uses designated 7-bit or 8-bit number combinations to represent either 128 or 256 possible characters. Standard ASCII uses 7 bits to represent all uppercase and lowercase letters, the numbers 0 through 9, punctuation marks, and special control characters used in U.S. English. Most current x86-based systems support the use of extended (or "high") ASCII. Extended ASCII allows the eighth bit of each character to identify an additional 128 special symbol characters, foreign-language letters, and graphic symbols. See also: Unicode AppleTalk The Apple Computer network architecture and network protocols. A network that has Macintosh clients and a computer running Windows 2000 Server or Windows NT Server with Services for Macintosh functions as an AppleTalk network. AppleTalk Phase 2 The extended AppleTalk Internet model designed by Apple Computer that supports multiple zones within a network and extended addressing capacity. application programming interface (API) A set of routines that an application uses to request and carry out lower-level services performed by a computer's operating system. These routines usually carry out maintenance tasks such as managing files and displaying information. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) See definition for: American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Assistive Technology Program A service that provides recommendations for technology that can help people with disabilities. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) A high-bandwidth digital transmission technology that uses existing phone lines and also allows voice transmissions over the same lines. Most of the traffic is transmitted downstream to the user, generally at rates of 512 Kbps to about 6 Mbps. asynchronous communication A form of data transmission in which information is sent and received at irregular intervals, one character at a time. Because data is received at irregular intervals, the receiving modem must be signaled to let it know when the data bits of a character begin and end. This is done by means of start and stop bits. See also: modem (modulator/demodulator) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) A high-speed connection-oriented protocol used to transport many different types of network traffic. ATM packages data in a 53-byte, fixed-length cell that can be switched quickly between logical connections on a network. See also: protocol ATM adaptation layer (AAL) The layer of the ATM protocol stack that parses data into the payload portion of the ATM cell for transport across an ATM network. See also: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) attribute For files, information that indicates whether a file is read-only, hidden, ready for archiving (backing up), compressed, or encrypted, and whether the file contents should be indexed for fast file searching. In Active Directory, characteristics of an object and the type of information an object can hold. For each object class, the schema defines what attributes an instance of the class must have and what additional attributes it might have. audio input device An audio input device records music and voice input into your computer. Examples of audio input devices are CD-ROM players and microphones. audit policy A policy that determines the security events to be reported to the network administrator. auditing The process that tracks the activities of users by recording selected types of events in the security log of a server or a workstation. authentication The process for verifying that an entity or object is who or what it claims to be. Examples include confirming the source and integrity of information, such as verifying a digital signature or verifying the identity of a user or computer. See also: smart card; trust relationship authoritative For DNS, describes a DNS server hosting a zone, or a zone containing a name or record. When a DNS server is configured to host a zone, it is said to be authoritative for names that do exist or could exist within that zone. A DNS server is allowed to respond authoritatively to queries for domain names for which it is authoritative. A zone is said to be authoritative for a name if the name exists or could exist within a zone, and it is said to be authoritiative for a record if the owner name of the record exists or could exist within a zone. See also: DNS Server; domain name; Domain Name System (DNS); name server (NS) resource record; start-of-authority (SOA) resource record; zone authoritative restore In Backup, a type of restore operation performed on an Active Directory domain controller in which the objects in the restored directory are treated as authoritative, replacing (through replication) all existing copies of those objects. Authoritative restore is applicable only to replicated system state data such as Active Directory data and File Replication service data. Use the Ntdsutil.exe utility to perform an authoritative restore. See also: Active Directory; nonauthoritative restore authorization The process that determines what a user is permitted to do on a computer system or network. Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) A feature of Windows XP TCP/IP that automatically configures a unique IP address from the range 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254 and a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 when the TCP/IP protocol is configured for dynamic addressing and a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is not available. See also: DHCP server; Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP); IP address availability A measure of the fault tolerance of a computer and its programs. A highly available computer runs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. See also: fault tolerance BB-channel A single channel of an ISDN line that is used to carry either voice or data information. ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) has 2 B-channels. ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) in North America has 23 B-channels. ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) in Europe has 30 B-channels. B-channel is also called bearer channel. See also: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) background The screen background image used on a graphical user interface such as Windows. Any pattern or picture that can be stored as a bitmap (.bmp) file can be set as a screen background. background program A program that runs while the user is working on another task. The computer's microprocessor assigns fewer resources to background programs than foreground programs. See also: foreground program backup domain controller (BDC) In Windows NT Server 4.0 or earlier, a computer running Windows NT Server that receives a copy of the domain's directory database (which contains all account and security policy information for the domain). The copy is synchronized periodically and automatically with the master copy on the primary domain controller (PDC). BDCs also authenticate user logon information and can be promoted to function as PDCs as needed. Multiple BDCs can exist in a domain. Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0 BDCs can participate in a Windows 2000 domain when the domain is configured in mixed mode. See also: primary domain controller (PDC) backup media pool A logical collection of data-storage media that has been reserved for use by Microsoft Windows Backup. Backup uses Removable Storage to control access to specific media within a library. See also: library; media pool; Removable Storage backup operator A type of local or global group that contains the user rights you need to back up and restore files and folders. Members of the Backup Operators group can back up and restore files and folders regardless of ownership, permissions, encryption, or auditing settings. See also: auditing; global group; local group; user rights backup set A collection of files, folders, and other data that has been backed up and stored in a file or on one or more tapes. See also: backup set catalog; on-disk catalog; on-media catalog backup set catalog A summary of the files and folders that have been saved in a backup set. See also: backup set backup types A type that determines which data is backed up and how it is backed up. There are five backup types: copy, daily, differential, incremental, and normal. See also: copy backup; daily backup; differential backup; incremental backup; normal backup bandwidth In analog communications, the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a given range. For example, an analog telephone line accommodates a bandwidth of 3,000 hertz (Hz), the difference between the lowest (300 Hz) and highest (3,300 Hz) frequencies it can carry. In digital communications, bandwidth is expressed in bits per second (bps). See also: bits per second (bps) Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) A PPP control protocol that is used on a multiprocessing connection to dynamically add and remove links. See also: Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) base priority A precedence ranking that determines the order in which the threads of a process are scheduled for the processor. Use Task Manager to view and change base priorities. For Message Queuing, a property that specifies the queue's priority in a public queue. You can set the base priority from -32,768 to 32,767; the default priority is 0. Private queues do not support base priority. Message Queuing routes and delivers messages first by base priority, then by message priority. See also: Message Queuing; private queue; public queue basic disk A physical disk that can be accessed by MS-DOS and all Windows-based operating systems. Basic disks can contain up to four primary partitions, or three primary partitions and an extended partition with multiple logical drives. If you want to create partitions that span multiple disks, you must first convert the basic disk to a dynamic disk using Disk Management or the Diskpart.exe command-line utility. See also: dynamic disk; extended partition; logical drive; MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System); primary partition basic input/output system (BIOS) On x86-based computers, the set of essential software routines that test hardware at startup, start the operating system, and support the transfer of data among hardware devices. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory (ROM) so that it can be executed when you turn on the computer. Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually invisible to computer users. See also: Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI); read-only memory (ROM); x86 basic storage A storage method in MS-DOS, Windows, Windows NT, and Windows 2000 for primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives. See also: dynamic storage; extended partition; logical drive basic volume A primary partition or logical drive that resides on a basic disk. See also: basic disk; logical drive; primary partition batch program An ASCII (unformatted text) file that contains one or more operating system commands. A batch program's file name has a .cmd or .bat extension. When you type the file name at the command prompt, or when the batch program is run from another program, its commands are processed sequentially. Batch programs are also called batch files. See also: American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII); logon script baud rate The speed at which a modem communicates. Baud rate refers to the number of times the condition of the line changes. This is equal to bits per second only if each signal corresponds to one bit of transmitted data. Modems must operate at the same baud rate in order to communicate with each other. If the baud rate of one modem is set higher than that of the other, the faster modem usually alters its baud rate to match that of the slower modem. See also: bits per second (bps); modem (modulator/demodulator) Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) An implementation of DNS written and ported to most available versions of the UNIX operating system. The Internet Software Consortium maintains the BIND software. See also: DNS; BIND boot file binary A base-2 number system in which values are expressed as combinations of two digits, 0 and 1. BIND boot file Configuration file used by Domain Name System (DNS) servers running under versions of the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) software implementation. The BIND boot file is a text file, Named.boot, where individual lines in the file list boot directives used to start a service when the DNS server is started. By default, Microsoft DNS servers use DNS service parameters stored in the registry, but they allow the use of a BIND boot file as an alternative for reading boot configuration settings. See also: Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND); registry boot bindery A database in Novell NetWare 3.x that contains organizational and security information about users and groups. BIOS See definition for: basic input/output system (BIOS) bit (binary digit) The smallest unit of information handled by a computer. One bit expresses a 1 or a 0 in a binary numeral, or a true or false logical condition. A group of 8 bits makes up a byte, which can represent many types of information, such as a letter of the alphabet, a decimal digit, or other character. Bit is also called binary digit. See also: binary bits per second (bps) The number of bits transmitted every second, used as a measure of the speed at which a device, such as a modem, can transfer data. See also: modem (modulator/demodulator) boot The process of starting or resetting a computer. When first turned on (cold boot) or reset (warm boot), the computer runs the software that loads and starts the computer's operating system, which prepares it for use. boot files The system files needed to start Windows. The boot files include Ntldr and Ntdetect.com. See also: partition boot sector Boot Logging A process in which a computer that is starting (booting) creates a log file that records the loading of each device and service. The log file is called Ntbtlog.txt, and it is saved in the system root directory. See also: systemroot boot partition The partition that contains the Windows operating system and its support files. The boot partition can be, but does not have to be, the same as the system partition. See also: partition; Primary disk; system partition boot volume The volume that contains the Windows operating system and its support files. The boot volume can be, but does not have to be, the same as the system volume. See also: system volume; volume BOOTP extensions A set of optional information types defined originally in RFC 1497 for use with BOOTP service and later supported by DHCP. In DHCP, these extensions form the legacy core set of client parameters available and supported by most standard DHCP and BOOTP servers. See also: bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) A protocol used primarily on TCP/IP networks to configure diskless workstations. RFCs 951 and 1542 define this protocol. DHCP is a later boot configuration protocol that uses this protocol. The Microsoft DHCP service provides limited support for BOOTP service. See also: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP); Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP); Request for Comments (RFC) broadband Of or relating to communications systems in which the medium of transmission (such as a wire or fiber-optic cable) carries multiple messages at a time, each message modulated on its own carrier frequency by a modem. broadband connection A high-speed connection. Broadband connections are typically 256 kilobytes per second (KBps) or faster. Broadband includes DSL and cable modem service. broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) An ITU-T communication standard for high-speed networking that provides new services, including voice, video, and data on the same network. See also: International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication [Standardization Sector] (ITU-T) broadcast An address that is destined for all hosts on a particular network segment. browser Software that interprets the markup of files in HTML, formats them into Web pages, and displays them to the end user. Some browsers also permit end users to send and receive e-mail, read newsgroups, and play sound or video files embedded in Web documents. See also: World Wide Web buffer A region of RAM reserved for use with data that is temporarily held while waiting to be transferred between two locations, such as between an application's data area and an input/output device. See also: random access memory (RAM) built-in groups The default security groups installed with the operating system. Built-in groups have been granted useful collections of rights and built-in abilities. In most cases, built-in groups provide all the capabilities needed by a particular user. For example, if a domain user account belongs to the built-in Administrators group, logging on with that account gives a user administrative capabilities over the domain and the domain servers. To provide a needed set of capabilities to a user account, assign it to the appropriate built-in group. See also: group bus A communication line used for data transfer among the components of a computer system. A bus essentially allows different parts of the system to share data. For example, a bus connects the disk-drive controller, memory, and input/output ports to the microprocessor. See also: expansion slot; universal serial bus (USB) bytes A unit of data that typically holds a single character, such as a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark. Some single characters can take up more than one byte. See also: bit (binary digit) Ccable modem A device that enables a broadband connection to the Internet by using cable television infrastructure. Access speeds vary greatly, with a maximum throughput of 10 megabits per second (Mbps). cache For DNS and WINS, a local information store of resource records for recently resolved names of remote hosts. Typically, the cache is built dynamically as the computer queries and resolves names. It also helps optimize the time required to resolve queried names. See also: cache file; resource record (RR) cache file A file used by the Domain Name System (DNS) server to preload its names cache when service is started. Also known as the root hints file because DNS uses resource records stored in this file to help locate root servers that provide referral to authoritative servers for remote names. For Windows DNS servers, the cache file is named Cache.dns and is located in the %SystemRoot%System32Dns folder. See also: authoritative; cache; systemroot caching The process of temporarily storing recently used data values in a special pool in memory for quicker subsequent access. For DNS, typically the ability of the DNS server to store information learned about the DNS namespace during the resolution of DNS queries. (For example, the DNS server can cache DNS records received from other DNS servers.) Caching is also available through the DNS Client service as a way for DNS clients to keep a cache of information learned during recent queries. See also: caching resolver; DNS Server; Domain Name System (DNS) caching resolver A client-side DNS name resolution service that performs caching of recently learned DNS domain name information. The caching resolver service provides system-wide access to DNS-aware programs for resource records obtained from DNS servers during processing of name queries. Cached data is used for a limited period of time and aged according to the active Time-to-Live (TTL) value. You can set the TTL individually for each resource record (RR). Otherwise, it defaults to the minimum TTL set in the SOA RR for the zone. See also: caching; expire interval; minimum TTL; resolver; resource record (RR); Time to Live (TTL) callback number The number that a remote access server uses to call back a user. This number can be preset by the administrator or specified by the user at the time of each call, depending on how the administrator configures the user's callback options. The callback number should be the number of the phone line to which the user's modem is connected. See also: preset-to callback; remote access server; set-by-caller callback callback security A form of network security in which a remote access server calls a user back at a preset number after the user has made an initial connection and has been authenticated. See also: preset-to callback; remote access server called subscriber ID (CSID) string A string that specifies the called subscriber ID transmitted by the receiving fax machine when receiving an inbound fax. This string is usually a combination of the fax or telephone number and the name of the business. It is often the same as the transmitter subscriber ID. See also: string; transmitting station ID (TSID) string canonical (CNAME) resource record A resource record used to map an alternate alias name to a primary canonical DNS domain name used in the zone. See also: resource record (RR) canonical name An object's distinguished name presented with the root first and without the LDAP attribute tags (such as: CN=, DC=). The segments of the name are delimited with forward slashes (/). For example, CN=MyDocuments,OU=MyOU,DC=Microsoft,DC=Com is presented as microsoft.com/MyOU/MyDocuments in canonical form. See also: distinguished name; Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) cartridge font A font contained in a plug-in cartridge and used to add fonts to laser, ink-jet, or high-end dot-matrix printers. Cartridge fonts are distinguished both from internal fonts, which are contained in ROM in the printer and are always available, and from downloadable (soft) fonts, which reside on disk and which can be sent to the printer as needed. See also: downloadable fonts; font; font cartridge; read-only memory (ROM) cascading hubs A network configuration in which hubs are connected to other hubs. See also: hub catalog For Indexing Service, a collection of all index information and stored properties for a particular group of file system directories. By default, Indexing Service indexes the System and Web catalogs on your hard drive. See also: property CD-R Recordable compact disc. Data can be copied to the CD on more than one occasion; however, data cannot be erased from the CD. CD-RW Rewritable compact disc. Data can be copied to the CD on more than one occasion and can be erased. certificate A digital document that is commonly used for authentication and secure exchange of information on open networks, such as the Internet, extranets, and intranets. A certificate securely binds a public key to the entity that holds the corresponding private key. Certificates are digitally signed by the issuing certification authority and can be issued for a user, a computer, or a service. The most widely accepted format for certificates is defined by the ITU-T X.509 version 3 international standard. See also: International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication [Standardization Sector] (ITU-T); certification authority (CA); private key; public key; service certificate revocation list (CRL) A document maintained and published by a certification authority that lists certificates that have been revoked. See also: certificate; certification authority (CA) certificate store Typically, a permanent storage where certificates, certificate revocation lists, and certificate trust lists are stored. See also: certificate; certificate revocation list (CRL); certificate trust list (CTL) certificate template A Windows construct that profiles certificates (that is, it prespecifies the format and content) based on their intended usage. When requesting a certificate from a Windows enterprise certification authority (CA), certificate requestors are, depending on their access rights, able to select from a variety of certificate types that are based on certificate templates, such as User and Code Signing. See also: certificate; certification authority (CA) certificate trust list (CTL) A signed list of root certification authority certificates that an administrator considers reputable for designated purposes, such as client authentication or secure e-mail. See also: certificate; certification authority (CA); root certificate certification authority (CA) An entity responsible for establishing and vouching for the authenticity of public keys belonging to users (end entities) or other certification authorities. Activities of a certification authority can include binding public keys to distinguished names through signed certificates, managing certificate serial numbers, and certificate revocation. See also: certificate; public key; root authority certification hierarchy A model of trust for certificates in which certification paths are created by means of the establishment of parent-child relationships between certification authorities. See also: certification authority (CA); certification path certification path An unbroken chain of trust, consisting of certificates from trusted certificate authorities, from a specific certificate to the root certification authority in a certification hierarchy. See also: public key Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) A challenge-response authentication protocol for PPP connections documented in RFC 1994 that uses the industry-standard Message Digest 5 (MD5) one-way encryption scheme to hash the response to a challenge issued by the remote access server. channel A path or link through which noncontrol information passes between two devices. A single Basic Rate Interface (BRI) connection, for example, has one physical connection but two channels for exchanging information between devices. This is often called a bearer channel, implying a channel that carries information. On the Internet, a Web site designed to deliver content from the Internet to your computer, similar to subscribing to a favorite Web site. See also: active content; B-channel; D-channel CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) An authentication protocol used by Microsoft remote access and Network Connections. Using CHAP, a remote access client can send its authentication credentials to a remote access server in a secure form. Microsoft has created a Windows-specific variant of CHAP called MS-CHAP. See also: remote access server; remote access character mode A display mode in which the monitor can display letters, numbers, and other text characters, but no graphical images or character formatting (italics, superscript, and so on). checkpoints See definition for: Restore Point child object An object that resides in another object. A child object implies relation. For example, a file is a child object that resides in a folder, which is the parent object. See also: object; parent object Class A IP address A unicast IP address that ranges from 1.0.0.1 through 126.255.255.254. The first octet indicates the network, and the last three octets indicate the host on the network. See also: Class B IP address; Class C IP address; IP address Class B IP address A unicast IP address that ranges from 128.0.0.1 through 191.255.255.254. The first two octets indicate the network, and the last two octets indicate the host on the network. See also: Class A IP address; Class C IP address; IP address Class C IP address A unicast IP address that ranges from 192.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254. The first three octets indicate the network, and the last octet indicates the host on the network. Network Load Balancing provides optional session support for Class C IP addresses (in addition to support for single IP addresses) to accommodate clients that make use of multiple proxy servers at the client site. See also: Class A IP address; Class B IP address; IP address classical IP over ATM (CLIP) A proposed Internet standard, described in RFC 2225, that allows IP communication directly on the ATM layer, bypassing an additional protocol (such as Ethernet or Token Ring) in the protocol stack. See also: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM); Internet Protocol (IP) clear To turn off an option by removing the X or check mark from a check box. You clear a check box by clicking it, or by selecting it and then pressing the SPACEBAR. client Any computer or program connecting to, or requesting the services of, another computer or program. Client can also refer to the software that enables the computer or program to establish the connection. For a local area network (LAN) or the Internet, a computer that uses shared network resources provided by another computer (called a server). See also: server client application A Windows-based application that can display and store linked or embedded objects. For distributed applications, the application that imitates a request to a server application. client request A service request from a client computer to a server computer or, for Network Load Balancing, a cluster of computers. Network Load Balancing forwards each client request to a specific host within the cluster according to the system administrator's load-balancing policy. See also: client; cluster; host; load balancing; server ClipBook Server A system service that supports ClipBook Viewer, which allows pages to be seen by remote ClipBooks. cluster In data storage, the smallest amount of disk space that can be allocated to hold a file. All file systems used by Windows organize hard disks based on clusters, which consist of one or more contiguous sectors. The smaller the cluster size, the more efficiently a disk stores information. If no cluster size is specified during formatting, Windows picks defaults based on the size of the volume. These defaults are selected to reduce the amount of space that is lost and the amount of fragmentation on the volume. A cluster is also called an allocation unit. In computer networking, a group of independent computers that work together to provide a common set of services and present a single-system image to clients. The use of a cluster enhances the availability of the services and the scalability and manageability of the operating system that provides the services. See also: availability; client; file system; scalability; volume cluster adapter The adapter that, when using multiple network adapters in each host of a Network Load Balancing cluster, handles the network traffic for cluster operations (the traffic for all hosts in the cluster). This adapter is programmed with the host's cluster IP address. See also: cluster; dedicated adapter; IP address Cluster Administrator An application that is used to configure a cluster and its nodes, groups, and resources. Cluster Administrator can run on any member of the trusted domain regardless of whether the computer is a cluster node. See also: cluster; Cluster.exe; server cluster Cluster Administrator extension A software component that implements the Cluster Administrator extension application programming interface (API) for allowing Cluster Administrator to configure a new resource type. See also: application programming interface (API); cluster; Cluster Administrator Cluster API A collection of functions that are implemented by the cluster software and used by a cluster-aware client or server application, a cluster management application, or a Resource DLL. The Cluster API is used to manage the cluster, cluster objects, and the cluster database. See also: cluster; Resource DLL; server cluster cluster disk A disk on a shared bus connected to the cluster nodes, which all the cluster nodes can access (though not at the same time). Cluster service The essential software component that controls all aspects of server cluster operation and manages the cluster database. Each node in a server cluster runs one instance of the Cluster service. See also: cluster; server cluster cluster-aware application An application that can run on a cluster node and that can be managed as a cluster resource. Cluster-aware applications use the Cluster API to receive status and notification information from the server cluster. See also: server cluster; Cluster API; cluster-unaware application; cluster cluster-unaware application An application that can run on a cluster node and be managed as a cluster resource but that does not support the Cluster API. See also: cluster-aware application; cluster; Cluster API Cluster.exe An alternative to using Cluster Administrator to administer clusters from the command prompt. You can also call Cluster.exe from command scripts to automate many cluster administration tasks. See also: Cluster Administrator; cluster Cmd Show Override, with When checked, opens the DDE server application as specified by the integer in value. Possible values are 1 (normal), 2 (minimized), 3 (maximized), and 10 (application default). When cleared, the DDE server application opens. CMYK color space Multidimensional color space consisting of the cyan, magenta, yellow, and black intensities that make up a given color. Commercial color printing devices generally use this system of four-color process inks. See also: color management; color space code page A means of providing support for character sets and keyboard layouts for different countries or regions. A code page is a table that relates the binary character codes used by a program to keys on the keyboard or to characters on the display. codec Hardware that can convert audio or video signals between analog and digital forms (coder/decoder); hardware or software that can compress and uncompress audio or video data (compression/decompression); or the combination of coder/decoder and compression/decompression. Generally, a codec compresses uncompressed digital data so that the data uses less memory. color depth The number of colors per pixel your monitor and graphics adapter support. color gamut The particular range of colors that a device is able to produce. A device such as a scanner, monitor, or printer can produce a unique range of colors, which is determined by the characteristics of the device itself. See also: color profile; rendering intent color management Process of producing accurate, consistent color among a variety of input and output devices. A color management system (CMS) maps colors between devices such as scanners, monitors, and printers; transforms colors from one color space to another (for example, RGB to CMYK); and provides accurate on-screen or print previews. See also: CMYK color space; RGB color space color profile A profile that contains the data needed for translating the values of a color gamut. This data includes information about color, hue, saturation, and brightness. See also: color gamut; hue; saturation color space A set of three values that defines how a color can be represented on computer devices such as monitors, scanners, and printers. For example, in the LAB color space, the terms luminance or whiteness (L), redness-greenness (A), and yellowness-blueness (B) are used; in the HVC system, the terms are hue (H), value (V), and chroma (C). Color space refers to the three-dimensional space that is defined by the respective values, such as L, A, and B. See also: CMYK color space; color space; RGB color space command prompt window A window displayed on the desktop used to interface with the MS-DOS operating system. MS-DOS commands are typed at an entry point identified by a blinking cursor. See also: MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) common groups Groups that appear in the program list on the Start menu for all users who log on to the computer. Only administrators can create or change common groups. See also: group communication port A port on a computer that allows asynchronous communication of one byte at a time. A communication port is also called a serial port. See also: asynchronous communication; serial port communication settings Operating parameters, such as bits per second (bps) and modem type, that apply to serial ports on a computer. See also: bits per second (bps); modem (modulator/demodulator); serial port community name A name used to group SNMP hosts. This name is placed in SNMP messages sent between SNMP-managed devices such as Windows 2000-based server computers and SNMP management stations. Typically, all hosts belong to Public, which is the standard name for a common community of all SNMP hosts. See also: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP); trap compatibility mode A feature of a computer or operating system that allows it to run programs written for a different system. Programs often run slower in compatibility mode. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) A specific type of semiconductor technology that requires very little power. The term has been popularized to mean a small storage area where your system keeps track of certain hardware parameters, such as the size of your hard disk, the number of serial ports your computer has, etc. CMOS is also called Setup RAM. Compression Control Protocol (CCP) A protocol used in the negotiation process in a PPP connection. Compression Control Protocol is one type of Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCPs are used to establish and configure different network protocol parameters for IP, IPX, and NetBEUI. See also: Internet Protocol (IP); Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX); Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) computer account An account that is created by a domain administrator and uniquely identifies the computer on the domain. The Windows computer account matches the name of the computer joining the domain. See also: domain computer administrator A user who manages a computer. The computer administrator makes system-wide changes to the computer, including installing programs and accessing all files on the computer, and can create, change and delete the accounts of other users. Computer Browser service A service that maintains an up-to-date list of computers and provides the list to applications when requested. The Computer Browser service provides the computer lists displayed in the My Network Places, Select Computer, and Select Domain dialog boxes and (for Windows 2000 Server only) in the Server Manager window. See also: service Computer Management A component you can use to view and control many aspects of the computer configuration. Computer Management combines several administration utilities into a single console tree, providing easy access to a local or remote computers administrative properties and tools. computer quota For Message Queuing, the storage size limit for messages on a computer, based on the total size of the messages. When a computer quota is reached, Message Queuing can no longer send messages to that computer until one or more messages are removed from queues. Message Queuing enforces the computer quota before it enforces the queue quota on a co | | |