Metaphors
... According to Lakoff and Johnson in Metaphors We Live By, ‘these spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment. ... Orientational Metaphors are thought to have arisen from our physical and cultural experiences. ... Although opposites, such as up-down, in-out, on-off, are physical in nature, the orientational metaphors that are based on them can vary in different cultures. ... Examples of concepts of Orientational Metaphors include ‘Happy is Up; Sad is Down. ... ’ I have decided to conduct further investigation in to this, and find specific examples of cultures that have different Orienatational Metaphors to our society. ... Examples of orientational metaphors that agree with this idea include; ‘all up coming events are listed in the paper. ... Again this is an example of metaphors being tied in with a society’s beliefs and ideas. ... There are many different ideas to how specialisation metaphors are realised. ... Some Orientational metaphors may overlap or contradict the theory behind them, for example the use of forefather as previously mentioned. Just as with ‘future being up or ahead,’ having differences in other cultures, other Orienatational metaphors will also differ from culture-to-culture. Orientational metaphors are just another variation of metaphors in general, and add a more interesting slant to an expression than the literal meaning. If a person was to use literal speech all the time there speech would be duller than with the use of metaphors.