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A
Technical Paper
On
ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM IN F1 CARS
Submitted by
Cherian Joseph
Kapil Raghuraman
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government College of Engineering,
Pune 411005
ABSTRACT
This paper titled “Antilock system in F1 cars” deals with necessity and study of antilock braking systems in Formula 1 cars. ... One of the most important safety measurements employed in a FI car is the Antilock Braking System which prevents the wheels from locking and provides directional control when the brake pedal is pressed suddenly especially on wet and slippery roads. This paper highlights the various aspects on the Antilock Braking System that includes types of types, parts and working of ABS and the future developments in ABS. ... Development and history of Anti-lock Brake Systems
3. Necessity of Anti-lock Brake Systems in F1 cars
4. Types of Anti-lock Brake Systems
5. Parts of Anti-lock Brake Systems
6. ... Working of Anti-lock Brake Systems
8. Improvements in Anti-lock Brake Systems
9. ... More often, when braking suddenly, the car skids out of control. ...
If the brakes are applied too hard when driving on slippery road surfaces, they may lock up or stop the wheel. ...
You might think that optimal braking is implemented by completely locking all the wheels. ... Therefore, the maximum braking occurs when the wheels are braked up to the level that the wheels just do not slide.
To ensure the shortest stopping distance, ABS applies intermittent braking in very high frequency. This avoid complete lock up of wheels, thus gives the name "Anti-Lock Braking System".
An antilock braking system works with the regular or foundation brakes on your vehicle. ... In vehicles equipped with ABS, the drivers foot remains firmly on the brake pedal, allowing the system to automatically pump the brakes.
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY OF ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS IN F1 CARS
Although the principles of anti-lock braking were understood as far back as the early 1930s and patented in 1936, research into anti-lock braking systems - ABS, they are commonly known now - for cars began in earnest in 1954 when a Ford engineer, Earle S. MacPherson (the same man who developed the widely used MacPherson strut) adopted the ABS of a French aircraft to a Ford model and found it to offer significant improvements to braking. However, it was only in the 1970s when such a system began to be commercialised by Bosch, starting with luxury models from BMW and Mercedes-Benz.
It did not appear in road cars until 1966, when Jensen FF (the first 4WD road car) installed a system developed by Dunlop. That system, called Maxaret, did not employ computer as well as wheel speed sensors. ...
Many years ago, this understanding of the dynamics of wheel lock-up and their effect led driving specialists to recommend that cadence braking be applied in F1 cars especially on wet and slippery surfaces when wheel lock-up would be most likely. Cadence braking requires rapid depression and release of the brake pedal (an action like pumping with the foot) so that the braking force applied is momentary, avoiding the likelihood of total wheel lock-up. ...
Automobile researchers thus looked for a solution that could duplicate cadence braking without requiring the drivers intervention. Just as disc brakes were adopted from aircraft, so too was the braking system that prevents wheel lock-up. ... So automobile engineers developed a braking system that used a form of cadence braking to avoid the wheel lock-up - even while the brake pedal is fully depressed and at the same time provide steering control when the brake pedal is depressed. ...
Deceleration of a car
We shall now see aspects of braking:
1. ... Engine braking
3. ... Intended friction of the braking system
Out of all this the only factors that have direct control during racing are engine braking and the friction of the braking system. ...
Mathematically,
E = ˝ m(v2-u2)
In the braking system friction is used to convert the kinetic energy of the car into heat and a small amount of sound. ...
With such powerful brakes being used in F1 cars the possibility of the wheels locking up in F1 cars is high which in turn necessitates the use of Antilock Braking System in F1 cars.
TYPES OF ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS
There are three types of ABS:
1. ... With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force. ...
This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together, they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop reducing brake effectiveness. ... One channel, one sensor ABS – This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. ... This system operates the same as rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. in this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness.
This system is easy to identify. ... Pumping brakes, a technique that allows the wheels to unlock so the vehicle remained on a straight path in traditional braking systems, should not be used. ...
PARTS OF ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS)
There are four main components to an ABS system. ... Electronic Control Unit
Speed sensors: The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. ... The damper chambers suppress pressure oscillations within the hydraulic system, preventing them from being propagated back to the brake pedal. ...
ABS CONTROL LOOP
The ABS control loop consists of:
Controlled system:
Vehicle with wheel brakes, wheels and friction between tyres and road surface
Disturbance factors:
Road surface conditions, brake condition, vehicle load and tyres (e. ...
Reference input variable:
Pressure applied to brake pedal (driver’s brake pressure input)
Manipulated variable:
Braking pressure
WORKING OF ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM
The working of an ABS system in F1 car can be explained in TWO stages as follows:
Referring to the diagram:
Firstly the brake pedal is pressed and then the switch gets ON. The ON position cause solenoid valve 1 to be open and so the normal braking operation starts. ...
As the pedal is further pressed the braking force increases. ...
IMPROVEMENTS IN EXISTING ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM
The following improvements can be made in the existing antilock braking system in F1 cars for minimum braking time and maximum safety:
1. ... Use a dual processor principle with comprehensive monitoring software
CONCLUSION
The antilock braking system is extremely useful in Formula One Car’s and improves the safety of the driver to a great extent.
Approximate Word count = 5562
Approximate Pages = 22.2
(250 words per page double spaced)
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