effect of enzymes concentration of the rate of amylase starch reaction
The effect of enzymes concentration of the rate of amylase/starch reaction Introduction An Enzyme is any one of many specialised organic substances, composed of polymers of amino acids, that act as catalysts to regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of living organisms. Those enzymes identified now number more than 700. Enzymes are classified into several broad categories, hydrolytic, oxidising reducing depending on the type of reaction they control. Hydrolytic enzymes accelerate reactions in which a substance is broken down into simpler compounds through reaction with water molecules. Oxidising enzymes, known as oxidises, accelerate oxidation reactions; reducing enzymes speed up reduction reactions, in which oxygen is removed. Many other enzymes catalyse other types of reactions. Individual enzymes are named by adding ASE to the name of the substrate with which they react. ... Some enzymes, such as the proteinases trypsin and pepsin, retain the names used before this nomenclature was adopted. Structure and Function of an Enzyme Enzymes are large proteins that speed up chemical reactions. In their globular structure, one or more polypeptide chains twist and fold, bringing together a small number of amino acids to form the active site, or the location on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place. ... This ensures that the enzyme does not participate in the wrong reaction. The enzyme itself is unaffected by the reaction. ... Properties of Enzymes As the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius suggested in 1823, enzymes are typical catalysts: they are capable of increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process. Some enzymes, such as pepsin and trypsin, which bring about the digestion of meat, control many different reactions, whereas others, such as urease, are extremely specific and may accelerate only one reaction. ... Pepsin, trypsin, and some other enzymes possess, in addition, the peculiar property known as autocatalysis, which permits them to cause their own formation from an inert precursor called zymogen. As a consequence, these enzymes may be reproduced in a test tube. As a class, enzymes are extraordinarily efficient. ... Each enzyme is selectively specific for the substance in which it causes a reaction and is most effective at a temperature peculiar to it. Although an increase in temperature may accelerate a reaction, enzymes are unstable when heated. The catalytic activity of an enzyme is determined primarily by the enzymes amino-acid sequence and by the tertiary structure-that is, the three-dimensional folded structure of the macromolecule. Many enzymes require the presence of another ion or a molecule called a cofactor, in order to function. As a rule, enzymes do not attack living cells. As soon as a cell dies, however, enzymes that break down protein rapidly digest it. The resistance of the living cell is due to the enzymes inability to pass through the membrane of the cell as long as the cell lives. ... Amylase Enzymes are the catalysts of chemical reactions taking place in living organisms. Each Enzyme is a protein that catalysts a particular reaction. Enzymes break down bigger molecules into smaller ones. Enzymes work best at temperatures like body temperature (37°C). ... Amylase occurs widely in plants and animals. ... Like most enzymes temperatures above 60°C denature amylase. Amylase helps to break up starch by the following: Enzymes like amylase break starch in the following way: - Enzymes have a special shape called the active site into which the molecule can fit. ... So at a certain point the starch will not fit into the active site. ... From research we know the following will happen: As we increase the temperature the rate of reaction will increase intil a certain point which is around 40°C where the amylase becomes damaged and becomes denatured Method First of all, I will get all my equipment out and ready, as shown in the diagram, making sure my work surface and apparatus are completely clean, and ready for the experiment. ... I decided which one was going to be the control and which one was going to hold the test tube containing the amylase enzyme, poured 5mls of 0.5% starch solution into each and placed them in a beaker containing hot water. ... 5% starch solution turn a dark purple colour.