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Section A: Introduction After the Second World War (WWII) there were three characteristics that development paradigms shared: 1) The essentialisation of the Third World and its inhabitants as homogenous entities. 2) The unconditional belief in the concept of progress and in the makeability of society. 3) The importance of the (nation) state as an analytical frame of reference and the political and scientific confidence in the role of the state to realise progress. This article, as the author said at the beginning, is ．an attempt to analyse the most important reasons for the loss of the central paradigms in development thinking. ・ The author explains in the introduction sector of this article that in the second half of the 1980・s the appearance of the theoretical renewal in development studies. The newly introduced theories vary from Sachs・ ．anti-modernist non-development・, Rahnema・s ．alternative development and post-development・ to Nederveen Pieterse・s ．reflexive development・. Then the author focuses on the debates amongst modernisation theorists, Marxists and neo-Marxists within development studies, therefore the questions is rising: whether the state should play a role after all in development. The first two characteristics formed the core of ：developmentalism；. This presents the Third World as unilinear and teleological. Thus, it offers contradictory groups of theories about development in the lights of modernization theories and Marxist. The author then analyses the loss of the three paradigmatic characteristics of post-war development thinking one by one. Section B: Challenge of the paradigms characteristics in the 21st century Post development circles provide the base for critiquing the first of the three paradigmatic characteristics (Third World as a homogeneous entity) mentioned above. There is no question that the Third World is heterogeneous. The author has also employed the dependency theory and some examples such as OPEC, Asian tigers and Latin American countries in order to strengthen his points. The author goes on to discuss ：the end of the belief in progress； by tracing what happened in the decades of the 80s and 90s, the non-development thinking of the 1990s and the development pessimism of the 1980s. The author brings in Wolfgang Sachs・s point of view as anti-modernist, (non)development thinking which is known as an early version of postmodernism. After analysing the strength and weakness of Sachs・, the author continues to introduce the later versions of post modern thinking. ．The western notion of progress would only cause environmental pollution because it meant industrialisation・, the western notion of progress also does damages to local culture, politics and economy of the Third World.
Approximate Word count = 1566
Approximate Pages = 6.3
(250 words per page double spaced)
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