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Chapter I
Introduction
Considering all the causes of deaths that occur annually: cancer, accidents, influenza and pneumonia, and diabetes none of them can be compared with the number one killer in the United States: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) (American Heart Association (AHA)), 2000). According to the American Heart Association 960,000 Americans died of CVD in the year 2000, that means 39. ... Organizations such as The American Heart Association (AHA, 2000) have programs to support professional education, as well as public and community programs. ...
The effects of lifestyle such as smoking, poor health habits or lack of exercise can directly affect the risk of having any disease related to the cardiovascular system among the different aged-groups, especially the middle-aged and elderly. ... Existing scientific data firmly points out the enormous importance of being involved in regular moderate physical activity as a part of complete heart disease prevention or cardiac rehabilitation (Bouchard, Shephard, & Stephens, 1994). All these facts and their repercussions on lifestyle and the economy in the USA, makes cardiac rehabilitation an invaluable instrument to help any kind of population, more specifically the elderly population, to decrease the risk of having heart problems again. This study will show the effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Phase I and Phase II in improving Heart Rate, VO2Max, and life-style in population between the ages of 60-80 following an acute Myocardial Infarction.
Myocardial Infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, or coronary occlusion, is produced by poor supply of oxygen to the myocardium, which decreases the blood supply to one portion of the heart. ... Most of the people involved in Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) programs are people with a history of coronary heart disease and MI: angioplasty, or heart transplantation, or for patients with stable angina pectoris, chronic arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, or other heart disorders. ...
CR is a long-term package program that improves the physiological and psychological effects caused by the effects of CVD. It can result in decreasing the future recurrent of heart problems by modifying the risk factors underlying the atherosclerosis process (Greenland, Chu, 1998; AHA, 2000; Leon, 2000; Franklin, Swain, Shephard, 2003). ... , which primarily focuses on improving physical capacity, with secondary benefit being the increase in the quality of life for patients’ (Greenland, Chu. ... Beginning in the 1970’s aerobic and conditioning training were accepted as a part of medically supervised cardiac programs, based on the belief that physical fitness improved cardiac patients prognosis (Greenland, Chu. ... Many studies suggest the evidence that aerobic training increases Vo2Max and decreases the heart rate. ... Over one hundred controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials suggest scientific evidence that aerobic training improves a MI patient’s Vo2Max. This improvement helps them to increase their work capacity and daily life duties. In addition, the outcome of adherence to an aerobic exercise is the decreasing of submaximal physical exertion in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and rate pressure product (RPP). Adaptation of RPP permits cardiac patients to train harder before reaching "the threshold for myocardial ischemia which is associated with angina pectoris" (Leon, 2000). This improvement of Vo2max allows patients to get less exhausted and improve their breathing capacity during their daily routines (Leon, 2000). ... The final goal of CR is to integrate the cardiac patients back into society according to their health status. ... Phase I or in-patient program includes education of the patient and the family, counseling and risk stratification, it lasts for less than a week. Phase II and Phase III are outpatient programs in an outpatient supervised medical facility. Phase IV is an unsupervised phase to enhance lifetime fitness after convalescent period (ACSM, 1995; Leon, 2000). Cardiac rehabilitation programs have been developed to help mainly cardiac patients achieve all these goals and maintain them during their lifetime (AH). ... Data of 4,347 patients was analyzed showing a significantly lower mortality rate among the cardiac rehabilitation group than among the control group. O’Connor performed a similar study using 22 randomized trials, and he obtained similar conclusions as Oldridge (Haskell)
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of The main question was: Are there many differences among circuit training (strength only), strength and aerobic program, and aerobic on Vo2max, HR response and quality of life in Phase II rehabilitation participants? ... The aerobic program will be increase the Vo2max . The circuit training will increase the muscle endurance and the Vo2max. ...
Definitions
Cardiac rehabilitation program: It is a long-term program, which involve medical checkup, exercise routines, cardiac risk modification, nutrition, behavior and vocational counseling to patients and their families. ...
Vo2Max: It is the maximum oxygen in mille liters that human body can use in one
minute per kilogram of body weight (VO2%max)
Circuit Training: Circuit training is a good way of improving muscular strength,
endurance, and also to get some benefits in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, this
kind of training program can help t increase program adherence among cardiac patients
because it can be performed using many different exercise routines. ... These are two of the main complaints for
cardiac patients to withdraw or no get involve in a cardiac rehabilitation program. ...
Resistance training: Resistance training is done to improve the muscle endurance and muscle strength of cardiac patients to be able to perform independently and with enough confident their daily tasks
Aerobic exercise: For the study aerobic training is defined as 40% of maximum heart rate in Phase I and between 65% to 80% maximum heart rate for Phase II. ... All the participants were volunteers who understood and followed the cardiac rehabilitation programs at home and at the hospital
2. ...
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
The purpose of the study will be to investigate the effects of CR programs in improving the Vo2max and muscular strength in cardiac patients.
The literature review will be break up in 4 sections:
1 Aerobic programs in cardiac rehabilitation
2 Strength programs (circuit training) in cardiac rehabilitation
3 . Aerobic and strength training (no circuit training) in cardiac rehabilitation
General Review of American lifestyle and CVD
The effects of modern lifestyle can directly increase the risk of having any disease related to the cardiovascular system among the different age-group, especially between middle aged and elderly. In the year 2000 in the United States, heart diseases and strokes were the most common cause of death among Caucasian, Afro-American, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian, and for Alaska Native males. ... The overall percentage of heart disease and stroke of males in the year 2000 between males was 186. ... One important fact was that 50 percent of the men who died of cardiovascular diseases did not have any medical history of heart problems. ... Black males’ rate for the same number and age populations was 26. ... Strokes were the cause of the death of 64,769 males, showing a rate of 60. ... Congestive Heart failure between non-black men per 1000 population aged between 65-74 was 21. ... This increases the risk of having heart attack and stroke. ... 1 of Hispanic male population had a sedentary way of life among males of 18 years. ... (AHA, 2000)
Cardiac Rehabilitation
1 Cardiac rehabilitation
2 Exercise training:
· Aerobic Training
· Resistance Training
3 Adherence to Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs
4 Males and Females
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Leon (2000) states that cardiac rehabilitation programs have been designed to help cardiac patients to improve the quality of their lives physically, psychologically, and physiologically. ... More than 100 controlled and uncontrolled trials have scientifically show evidences of improving VO2max. O’Connor et al (1989) in an overview of 22 trials of exercise rehabilitation after suffering a MI found that exercise programs can decrease 20% of the overall mortality, and can also reduce the sudden death rate within the first year after suffering a MI. ...
Aerobic Exercise
Consistent aerobic exercise decreases HR, systolic pressure, rate pressure product (RPP), increases work capacity and people are more capable of doing daily tasks. ... In addition, resistance exercise or strength training not only improves muscle strength and endurance but also improves the effectiveness of cardiovascular system, but also helps to improve the patients’ overall quality of life and their psychological status (Franklin, Swain, Shephard, 2003).
Adherence to Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
The effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) is marked by their long-term adherence. ... The physical and mental benefits of CRP in cardiac patients start to show within 12 weeks and 26 weeks. ... Patient interview, chart audit, and cardiac rehabilitation attendance were used as a method of analysis A female critical care nurse and a female exercise physiologist did interviews.
Approximate Word count = 7083
Approximate Pages = 28.3
(250 words per page double spaced)
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