Customs regulations in Russia doc
Customs regulations in Russia Contents Introduction 3 1. History of customs service 4 2. Nowadays russian customs 6 2. ... Customs regulations 6 2. ... New Customs code 8 3. International customs cooperation 9 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction As integration processes in the world gain momentum, Russia is looking for a place and a role for itself in the new global home. Today Russia is a country that depends on foreign trade as an exporter of energy and raw materials that cannot afford to remain isolated from integration of the global economy. ... One of Russia’s biggest problems is control of her borders. When he replied to a questions in a television program, president Putin stressed that Russia is a “country without borders, not in a virtual sense, but literally.” Russias customs regulations are quite complicated and discretionary. Customs is highly regarded internationally as a world leader in development and use of technology to manage trade and the movement of goods and people across borders. Each year West spends billions for improving the customs system and reducing the contraband scales and despite serious achievements problems still do exist, For example 20% of cigarette import of Europe are smuggled, and so does that of United States. ... History of customs service The history of customs was vibrant, with many different aspects, and very long. ... The said robber is considered as thirst customs official, taking a little part of a shipment and allowing a large part to go . ... As to customs duty on import, it was introduced later. In Greece, customs duty comprised one tenth of item price. Practice has shown to athenians that moderate customs duty could support trade and collect huge revenues. Therefore, from the fourth century BC customs duty had been reduced down to one twentieth, thirtieth, and hundredth then. Later, weapon and other military supplies were released from customs duties. ... Sooner or later, amount collected by customs duties increased and reached fantastic points forcing other countries to do the same . As history proves, customs in Russia had been developed long ago. We know that so-called "road from vikings to greeks" connecting the Baltic and the Mediterranean laid through Russia. ... Special appointed individuals called "mytar" and "tamozhennik" (from the turk word "tamga" stamp, seal meaning some mark on the item of goods, indicated that the cargo is legal) managed customs affairs. At the beginning of 18th century, Russia already had complete and widely accepted standards of customs. Later Russia strengthened centralization of customs policy. ... Soviet customs have passed a few stages. At first the communist rulers of Russia were skeptical about both previous customs system and new concept of it. Implementation of the leninist idea of foreign trade monopoly had left no need of using customs policy and turned it into subordinate instrument of foreign trade, so it seemed that the new political forces do not need the customs. The idea of eliminating customs has appeared under the military communism government. But the reality had proved that such policy was a big mistake, and in 1920s the customs reanimated many of its lost functions and caused the intensive development of its system. In 1922-1928, the state has formed a complex system of customs, which was adequate to conditions of that time and lasted, with some minor changes, until the perestroika. For years, the paramilitary State customs committee, or the GTK, has patrolled the entry and exit points for all goods coming in and out of the country and exacting trillions of rubles in taxes and tributes from importers and exporters alike. Through the period of foreign-economic reform (1986-1991) customs development entered the new phase that could be considered as the attempt for transformation of state-monopolistic customs and introduction of pattern that was orientated on market-led and democratic conditions. The logical ending of this stage was approval of the new Customs code of the USSR in 1991. ... Russia has set goals for reducing customs duties gradually on most goods. ... Since July 1, 1996 oil has been exported free of customs duties. The main principle of the state policies in the sphere of export is the elimination of all quantitative limitations or restrictions, except those that are required in order to fulfill international obligations taken by Russia. ... In order to cover the losses the federal budget suffers because of the repeal of export customs duties the rate of import duties on commodities that are delivered from developing countries was raised from the 50% level of the existing rates up to 75%. ... Rates imposed on some cars were reduced from 40% to 30% in order to prompt importers interest in carrying out legal customs clearance of cars.