Racism in American Society: In School, at Work, and in the Community
...hows that their is a statistically significant relationship between race and education. Because one variable in the comparison is nominal (race) no linear relationship is possible. The coefficient of multiple determination (R-squared) is .00979 so only approximately one percent of education level is accounted for by the race of the respondent. This is in spite of the fact that a strong relationship exists, however educational achievement is a highly complex variable and accounting for one percent is meaningful. Related to the material above is the highest level of degree earned by the respondent. Even more so than in the above example we are confronted with the difference between the levels of educational attainment of blacks and whites. Blacks are far less likely than whites to have a high school diploma, a 40.2% dropout rate for blacks compared with a 25.8% dropout rate for whites. The rates for bachelor's and graduate degree accent this rift even further with 12.7 percent of whites earning bachelor's degree to 6.2% of blacks, and 5.6% of whites earning graduate degrees compared to 2.5% of blacks. Chi-square testing done using Pearson's chi-square (chi-square=545.56) shows a strong statistically significant relationship between the degree that was earned and the race of the respondent. No linear relationship exists because of the presence of nominal data. The coefficient of multiple determination (R squared) equals .00607 showing that the race of the individual bears little influence (.6%) on the degree earned. Once again this is a deceptively simple statement about a very complex variable, and fails to account for the extreme disparity at the highest and lowest levels. Part of this disparity in educational attainment might be explained by the reluctance of the white majority to integrate the school systems, providing equal educational opportunity for all students. Reflective of this reluctance to integrate is the attitude of the white majority on racial busing for integrating school districts. Whites are only 20.5% likely to favor racial busing while blacks are 56.4 % likely to favor racial busing. That is an astounding 35.9% difference! As is obvious a statistically significant relationship exists between race and attitude on racial busing (r=1714.34). No actual linear relationship exists between race and attitude toward racial busing because of the presence of a nominal variable (RACE), however because of the way the data is coded (white=1, black=2 etc.) and the strength of the association between the two variables we find a correlation coefficient of -.2476. The coefficient of multiple determination is .06133, demonstrating that 6.1 percent of attitude on racial busing can be attributed to the race of the respondent. An interesting gap between opinion and practice becomes evident when we study the crosstab comparing opinion on whether blacks should have an equal chance at getting a job with race. There is as near total agreement on this issue as you are likely to find on any subject with 96.8% of whites and 100% of blacks approving of this equality of opportunity. Chi-square testing shows that race has virtually no influence on the response given (Pearson's chi-square=.06682) as well as demonstrating near complete randomness and lack of any statistical significance (significance for Pearson's chi-square=.79603). No linear relationship exists because of the presence of nominal data (RACE and RACJOB). The coefficient of multiple determination shows that race only accounts for .005% of attitude on workplace equality, a minute amount by any measure. When observing prestige it becomes obvious that the number of blacks far exceeds the number of white in the lowest categories (the menial jobs), while the opposite is true at the higher end of the spectrum with each group exceeding the other by a two to one ratio in their respective cases. There is a very strong (Pearson's chi-square=1815.41) and statistically significant relationship between occupational prestige and race. Once again, no linear relationship exists between occupational prestige and the race of the respondent because of the presence of nominal data (RACE) and ordinal data (PRESTIGE). The coefficient of multiple determination shows that the race of the respondent accounts for 2.5% of occupational prestige. Whites out pace blacks in the number of individuals who are supervisors, with 38.8% of whites and 26.2% of blacks working in a supervisory capacity. There is a statistically significant relationship between the race of the respondent and working as a supervisor (significance=.02355 for a Pearson's chi-square of 7.5) but the probability for randomness is still fairly high. There is no linear relationship because of the presence of nominal data (RACE and OFFSUP). The coefficient of multiple determination shows that only .7% of working in a supervisory capacity is accounted for by the race of the respondent. Blacks are more optimistic about their chances for promotion than whites. While 42.8% of whites said they were likely or very likely to be promoted in the next five years, 46.9% of blacks responded in the same way. Responses for this question had a high probability of randomness and there is a low degree of association between the variables (statistical significance for a Pearson's chi-square of 8.56 was .19962). No linear relationship could be demonstrated because of the presence of nominal (RACE) and ordinal (FUTPROMO) data. A coefficient of multiple determination of .00625 shows that the race of the respondent can only account for .6% of the respondent's view on his or her chance for promotion. Income demonstrates that once again blacks are likely to be concentrated in the lowest brackets with only 21.1% of black households making $25000 or more compared to 35% of white households. The relationship between the variables is strong and statistically significant (Pearson's chi-square=886.45). No linear relationship exists because of the presence of nominal data (RACE). The coefficient of multiple determination shows us that race accounts of 1.3% of income, a fairly large amount for such a complex variable. The first of the variables related to the community life of blacks shows no appreciable difference in the level of confidence blacks have in congress compared to that of whites, there was almost complete equality in each of the range of responses. Chi-square testing shows a low level of association between race and confidence in congress (Pearson's chi-square=8.13 with a significance of .42). No linear relationship exists because of the presence of nominal data (RACE) and ordinal data (CONCONG). The coefficient of multiple determination shows that only .07% of confidence in congress is determined by the race of the respondent. An almost identical situation exists when we examine the confidence of the various races in business and industry. Here there is no great numerical difference but there is greater statistical significance and a slightly stronger association between the variables (Pearson's chi-square=25.53 with a significance of .00126). No linear relationship exists because of the presence of nominal (RACE) and ordinal (CONBIZ) data. The coefficient of multiple determination shows that .2% of confidence in business can be attributed to race. Surprisingly, blacks are more likely to view things as being better in America than whites (83.7% to 80.2%), but overall there is no real difference in the responses among the racial groups. The level of association between the variables is very low , with Pearson's chi-square equaling 2.78 with a statistical significance of .59594, predicting a very high degree of randomness. No linear relationship exists because of the presence of nominal (RACE) and ordinal (AMRANK) data. The coefficient of multiple determination shows that race accounts for only .002% the respondent's opinion on the quality of life in America. Although they may have rated the quality of life in the US as being higher than that of other industrialized nation in comparison to their white counterparts, blacks were...