different network
...e joined to form a ring. On a ring network, the signals travel in only one direction. The computer that transmits data is also responsible for removing the data from the network after it has traversed to the entire ring. The advantage of a Ring topology is that it is excellent in handling traffic because workstations can transmit and receive data only if they have the permissions. There are few disadvantages of Ring topology. The cost of having a Ring topology is only cheaper than the Mesh network. The speed of this network is much slower than other topologies. A failure in any cables or devices would break the loop. As a result of this breakage, the entire network would come down. Token ring network is very difficult to troubleshoot and to add or remove devices. Star topology uses a central hub or a switch for connection of all devices. The cable acts as a point-to-point connection between the workstations and the hubs. The advantages of Star topology are that it is only a slightly expensive than setting up a Bus topology. It is much easier to troubleshoot and add or remove devices than other topologies. The disadvantage of Star topology is the cable length between the devices and the hubs is limited to100 meters. b) The Ethernet standard (IEEE 802.3) is using CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) method to allow only one of the devices to transmit at any given time on the LAN. When any of the devices want to transmit, it must first "listen" to the medium to determine whether there is any data being transmitted at that time. It will continue to monitor the medium until it is free to transmit. If a larger document needs to be sent, it has to be broken down into packets and each of them is being sent separately until the entire document is transmitted and reassembled by the receiving device. The advantages of Ethernet are that the components (cables, hubs, and switches) are very cheap. Devices are very easy to add, as long as an empty port is available on the hubs and the cables are connected between the device and the available port. The disadvantage of Ethernet is its poor traffic handling. Occasionally, two computers are transmitting data simultaneously which would cause a collision and the data need to be re-transmitting again. IEEE 802.5 is a standard token passing ring network. The token is circulating around a group of computers that connected in a loop. When a device transmits the data, a computer will grab the token when it arrives. Each station repeats the same process of passing the data, checks for errors, and copies the data if appropriate. When the data is returned to the sending station, it removes it from the ring. The advantages of token ring are that it prioritizes data transmission. It is also excellent in handling traffic and has high bandwidth efficiency. The disadvantage of token ring is slow and expensive to setup. FDDI is very similar to the Token Ring. The difference is that FDDI ring has two rings active at the same time and it uses fiber cable. The primary ring passes data packets during a normal operation. If one ring or a set of interface cable is out of service, the other rings will go into a "loop" state which allows the equipment to remain part of the ring. FDDI uses fiber cable that connects the equipment to the ri...