nonverbal codes
...pecific repertoire of behaviors that are enacted (e.g. body positions). Cultures have unique sets of display rules that govern when and under what circumstances particular nonverbal expressions are required, preferred, permitted, or prohibited. Cultures vary in the interpretations or meanings that are attributed to particular nonverbal behaviors. Nonverbal repertoires are learned through direct observation. Nonverbal Messages in Intercultural Communications are Multichanneled Body movements (kinesics) Emblems are nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal counterpart (e.g. the two fingered peace symbol is familiar to U.S. Americans). Illustrators are nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to, or accompany, the verbal message. Affect displays are facial and body movements that show feelings and emotions. Regulators are nonverbal behaviors that help to synchronize the and fro on natural conversation. Adaptors are personal body movements that occur as a reaction to an individual’s physical or psychological state. Space (proxemics) Cultural differences in the use of personal space exist and one needs to develop an awareness of these differences. Cultural differences in territoriality exist and can seriously affect communication. Touch is one of the most fundamental parts of the human experience. Touch can express positive and/or negative feelings, indicate playfulness, establish control and social dominance, and be useful to accomplish tasks. Cultural differences in touch can lead to difficulties in intercultural communication. Time (chronemics) Time orientations refer to the value or importance placed on the passage of time by members of a culture. Past-oriented cultures regard previous experiences as most important. Present-oriented cultures regard current experiences as most important. Future-oriented cultures believe that tomorrow or another moment in the future is most important. Time systems are the implicit cultural rules that are used to arrange sets of experiences in some meaningful way. These include technical, formal, and informal time systems. Voice (vocalics) Vocalic qualities include pitch, rate, rhythm, and volume. Vocalics convey meanings beyond the words that are spoken. Other nonverbal code systems are relevant to intercultural communication. Our chemical code ...