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...e [CR] the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus- Conditioned stimulus [CS] an originally irrelevant stimulus that , after association with an unconditioned stimulus , comes to trigger a conditioned response. 3. Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus. Punishment is any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior. 4. Cognition- People who begin to see the reward as their motive for an activity may lose their intrinsic interest in it. Biology- Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. 5. Pavlov taught us that principles of learning apply across species, that significant psychological phenomena can be studid objectively , and that conditioning principles have important practical applications. 6. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Subjests associate behaviors with their consequences. 7. Reinforcement is any event that increase the frequency of a preceding response. While punishment is the opposite. So, while reinforcement increase a behavior, punishment decrease it. 8. Positive reinforcement-strengthens a response by presenting...