Introduction to Psychology
... problems are because of fragmented personal and collective unconsciousness Behavioural psychology (continued from presentation) Albert Bandura came up with the idea that conditioned and operant conditioning was not the whole story. He believed there is more to why behaviour is repeated. Self-efficacy (to be an efficient being) As well as being conditioned, children also observed and mimicked behaviour and learned from this. Self-efficacy gives the person a much more active role rather than a conditioned one. Bandura said that they are more likely to have higher self-esteem and higher self-belief when they find the most efficient behaviour to use. They are also likely to be a risk taker, less likely to be affected by stress and more likely to try again and choose challenging tasks. This has come to be known as the cognitive learning theory Humanistic psychology is a discipline founded by the belief that human behaviour is the result of free will and self determination. There were two main founding fathers of this discipline, Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and Carl Rogers (1902-1987). Maslow Vision Self image Self-esteem Judgment External Influences Handsome? Tall/short? Jovial/moody? (Ideal Self) Maslow believed that a person was a Holistic being; the closer our self-concept is to our ideal self, the better our self-esteem. Congruence When the self-image and ideal self are close together, this allows for healthy, positive development of the self. Incongruence When self-image and ideal self are further apart, this prevents the healthy development of self and leads to dissatisfaction of self and eventually maladjustment. Unconditional Positive Regard The individual feels valued even when their behaviour is less than ideal. Conditional Positive Regard The individual only feels valued if they behave in a certain way. Rogers Rogers developed the idea of self-actualisation which was connected to the desire for self-fulfillment; he believed “to become everything that one is capable of becoming”. Self-actualisers are often (according to Rogers) creative, natural and spontaneous, they tend to see the world in original ways and not bound by conventions, they are none-evaluative and accepting, have concern for others, can be happy alone and they enjoy life. Rogers thought that to achieve self-actualisation, the individual must accomplish the following: Biological psychology according to psychologists within the discipline, believe that human behaviour is shaped by genetic, physiological and neurobiological factors. Within the discipline much emphasis is placed on the central nervous system. During the 1960’s, Roger Sperry (1913-1994), conducted experiments where a patient’s (mostly those with epilepsy) brain would be ‘split’ by dissecting the corpus collosum to see if this would improve the patients condition. Although no improvement was made, Sperry found that, interestingly, a split brain sees things in a different way to a whole brain; the left brain function (analysis and logic) saw individual items, whereas the right brain function was more holistic and saw the whole item. Due to these experiments, Sperry was able to provide some insight into where certain functions originate in the brain. Simon Baron-Cohen, currently Professor of Developmental psychopathology and psychiatry at Cambridge University, took Sperry’s ideas one step further, while working ...