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...elarus, Poland, Ukraine, etc.) and some that are to small to help support EIT nations but are industrialized such as Monaco, and Lichtenstein Annex-II countries are the most advanced and economic stable nations, and are to help supplement the costs that EIT nations/ Non-Annex-1 countries run into when trying to reach there emission standards goal. Developing nations are not subject to emission targets but still have some obligations under the protocol and convention such as commitments to implement and update climate mitigation programs, promote environmental policy making, and environmental technology. For this to work though Annex-II countries are crucial to the funding of these programs, and technological advancements Flexibility Mechanisms have been incorporated in the protocol to help Annex-1 countries reach there emission targets as economically as possible. 1st emissions trading a nation in which is cost effectively reaching its goals can sell surplus emission credits to nations who are having difficulty conjuring up enough money to reach there goals, but the nation with a surplus must keep a certain number of emission credits to ensure it can meet its own standards. 2nd is joint implementation in which an Annex-1 nation may fund projects that reduce emissions in another Annex-1 nation and put those emission credits in that other nation towards there own. 3rd the clean development mechanism gives ...